Минералого-геохимические особенности органо-минеральных новообразований (маты) в источниках Баргузинского района

Баргузинская котловина – одна из крупных водосборных территорий озера Байкал,
относящаяся к Байкальской рифтовой зоне. В долине p. Баpгузин pаcпpоcтpанены
гидpотеpмальные источники, геохимические особенности которых рассмотрены на примере
трех компоентов природной среды «вода-мат-субстрат». Были опpобованы Аллинcкий,
Кучегеpcкий, Умxейcкий иcточники, а также источники Кулиные болота, Арангатуй, Гусиха,
Гарга.
В диссертации приведены известные и оригинальные данные по водным системам
Баргузинской котловины. Представлены краткие сведения о природе и климате, основные
гидрологические, гидрохимические, характеристики территории, а так же специфические
черты, минеральных источников Баргузинской котловины.
Экстремальные условия среды способствую развитию специфичных микробных
сообществ (матов), обладающих значительным биоразнообразием и высокой
интенсивностью биогеохимических процессов.
Кроме того, как любые живые организмы, микробиальные сообщества, отличаются
избирательным концентрированием определенных химических элементов в зависимости от
состава и интеграции окружающей среды. Соответственно, они могут выступать
индикаторами экологической обстановки, а также, возможно, отражать качество природных
вод, как среды их обитания.
Цель работы – выявить минералого-геохимические особенности компонентов
природной среды (вода- маты- субстрат) минеральных источников Баргузинской котловины.
Задачи:
 отбор проб на участках Баргузинской котловины, их подготовка к проведению
лабораторных исследований
 комплексное изучение компонентов природной среды минеральных
источников посредством всего комплекса лабораторных методов, с использованием
лабораторных установок кафедры (D2 PHASER, Hitachi S3400N, РА 915+, Thermo Finnigan
MAT) и других подразделений института.
 обработка результатов, выявление особенностей среды и закономерностей
распределения химических элементов (минеральных фаз) в компонентах среды
минеральных источников Баргузинской долины.
В основу работу положены материалы, отобранные в период 2015 – 2018 гг. Для более
комплексного и детального рассмотрения матов, субстрата и воды, использовалось
высокотехнологичное оборудование, находящиеся на базе института воды ИПР ТПУ,
кафедры геоэкологии и геохимии, и данные, обработанные с использованием методов ГИС.
Автор принимал непосредственное участие в полевых и лабораторных исследованиях,
обработке полученных материалов. При написании работы, а также проведении научно-
исследовательских работ применялись гидрогеологический, гидрохимический,
биогеохимический, сравнительно-географический методы, а также метод картографического
анализа.
Постановка вопроса
Установлено, что источники, разгружающиеся в пределах Баргузинского и Икатского
хребтов, существенно различаются микроэлементным составом. В пределах Икатского
хребта термы обогащены микроэлементами, радоном, что обусловлено длительностью
взаимодействия их с горными породами.
Доказано, что наряду с известными высокотемпературными источниками –
Аллинским, Гаргинским, Гусихинским, интенсивной температурной проработке
подвергается вода источников Кулиные Болота, Змеиный, Кучигэрский, Умхейский и
Сеюйский. Максимальная температура воды в них по ртутному термометру превышает
72,5°С, что отражается в их геохимическом составе.
Цианобактериальный мат – многослойное бентосное микробное сообщество,
состоящее из собственно цианобактерий и некоторых других бактекрий.
Цианобактериальные маты образуют толстые слоистые покровы на субстрате.
В настоящее время цианобактериальные маты встречаются в основном в
экстремальных местах обитания, в данной работе рассматриваются
термофильные цианобактериальные маты, распространенные поблизости от
гидротермальных источников. Высокие значения температуры, pH и высокие концентрации
минеральных солей ограничивают развитие высшей растительности. Многие
микроорганизмы характеризуются высокой устойчивостью к экстремальным условиям
среды. Способность микроорганизмов выживать в этих условиях, связана с формированием у
них механизмов адаптации к неблагоприятным факторам среды обитания. Изменение в
содержании органического вещества микроорганизмов и его качественного состава,
возможно, является одной из защитных реакций организма.
Данное исследование направлено на изучение компонентного состава
цианобактериальных матов и других компонентов среды, взаимодействующих с ним, в
экосистемах Байкальского региона.
На сегодняшний день в Баргузинской котловине параметры химического состава и
механизмы концентрационного действия некоторых химических элементов с точки зрения
геохимических особенностей, взаимосвязи воды и формирующихся микробиальных
сообществ изучены недостаточно.
1.Краткий очерк геологических и физико-географических особенностей Баргузинской
впадины
In the early 1950s, there was an enlargement of small collective farms which caused a change in the
boundaries of rural councils and the transfer of settlements from one village council to another. By the
mid-1950s, there were 16 village councils in the region consisted of 18 enlarged collective farms, 3
tractor stations, 2 industrial and 1 fish cooperatives. In the course of the enlargements of collective
farms, there appeared so-called “unpromising villages”, whose population was gradually moving away
and finally they ceased to exist. Since 1978, 40 settlements have disappeared from the district map. The
population of the district mainly migrated from the villages to the district center Melnikovo and to the
city of Tomsk. In the 60-80 years the Shegarsky district had such developed industries as the livestock,
the crops, the building materials, food, the woodworking, the construction and transport industries. The
history of the emergence of the Russian population on the right bank of the Ob River in the area of
modern Pobeda is inextricably linked with the emergence and development of another settlement
named Bogorodskoye (now the old Shegarka), which is located on the left bank of the Ob River. By a
special decree of the Russian Tsar Boris Godunov, the newly settled Siberian lands were drawn to Siberia
by migrants. One of the groups of immigrants from Perm, Vologda and Veliky Ustyug in boats and rafts
moved down the Ob River into the lands of Tomsk Ostrog in the summer of 1625. So the village of
Bogorodskoe was founded in 1626. On the right bank opposite Bogorodsky to the river there was a solid
wall pine forest. Majestic in its wild beauty it was full of life. Bears, mooses, lynx, Siberian weasels,
squirrels, wolves and many other animals found shelter in this pristine taiga. The abundance of berries
such as lingonberries, blueberries, cranberries attracted wood grouses, hazel grouses, black grouses and
many other birds. One and a half kilometer away from the shore, there was the great Swan Lake where
swans, geese and ducks nested. A forest protection post (Cardon) was created in 1914. Several houses
for rangers and their families were built on the bank of the Ob River. 132 Pobeda began to grow quickly
from 1931 by organizing the forestry enterprise. Since 1934, warehouses for grain harvesting point
began to build, at the same time a street of barracks and small
Рисунок 1- Главные морфологические элементы Баргузинской впадины (Логачев,
1974).
Since its foundation, the territory of the Shegarsky district was divided between nineteen village
councils which included more than 70 settlements. There was a collective farm in each settlement but
such villages as Batkat, Gingazovo, Monastyrka, Kargala, Novo-Nikolaevka had two collective farms. This
administrative division was maintained until the beginning of the early 50s. 131 In the early 1950s, there
was an enlargement of small collective farms which caused a change in the boundaries of rural councils
and the transfer of settlements from one village council to another. By the mid-1950s, there were 16
village councils in the region consisted of 18 enlarged collective farms, 3 tractor stations, 2 industrial and
1 fish cooperatives. In the course of the enlargements of collective farms, there appeared so-called
“unpromising villages”, whose population was gradually moving away and finally they ceased to exist.
Since 1978, 40 settlements have disappeared from the district map. The population of the district mainly
migrated from the villages to the district center Melnikovo and to the city of Tomsk. In the 60-80 years
the Shegarsky district had such developed industries as the livestock, the crops, the building materials,
food, the woodworking, the construction and transport industries. The history of the emergence of the
Russian population on the right bank of the Ob River in the area of modern Pobeda is inextricably linked
with the emergence and development of another settlement named Bogorodskoye (now the old
Shegarka), which is located on the left bank of the Ob River. By a special decree of the Russian Tsar Boris
Godunov, the newly settled Siberian lands were drawn to Siberia by migrants. One of the groups of
immigrants from Perm, Vologda and Veliky Ustyug in boats and rafts moved down the Ob River into the
The first traces of a human being on the territory of the Shegarsky region belong to the Neolithic era –
the new Stone Age (3-6 thousand BC). In the II thousand BC the first bronze casters appeared here. In
the 7th century BC the local population came under the pressure of Siberian Scythians who were their
southern neighbors. Due to the influence of the neighbors on the territory of the Shegarsky district,
cattle breeding appeared here as a new branch of human activity. From the 3rd century BC the Kulai
people (taiga hunters from the north) came to the Shegarsky Ob area. In the course of their
resettlement (they reached Altai), the Shegarsky district was literally in the center of the Kulai
territories. In the middle of 1 thousand AD the Kulai people were distinguished into several
communities. One of them, Relkan, was located in the Middle Ob, covering the territory of this district.
In the 9th century, the Turks, newcomers from the steppe Irtysh area, settled in the Shegarsky Ob area.
The Selkups, the descendants of the Kulaians and the Relkans, appeared in the south of the Shegarsky
district. They settled the valleys of rivers and lakes and after they moved further to the north. At the
beginning of the 17th century, 130 the Tatars, the descendants of the Turks, started the struggle for the
Ob meadows. The Selkups were partly driven out to the north but some of them became the tributaries
of the newcomers [3]. The first Russian settlements appeared between the Ob and Shegarka rivers in
the 2nd half of the 17th century. Their founders were the Cossacks of the Tomsk garrison. From the 18th
century, the population grew largely basically due to the resettlement of peasants from European Russia
and the settlement of convicts. The largest and most beautiful settlement was the village of
Bogorodskoye, which became the center of the Bogorodskaya volost for more than 300 years. During
this time, the boundaries of the volost repeatedly changed in its composition. At the turn of the 20th
century, the territory of the Bogorodskaya volost was greatly reduced, besides, the Babarykinskaya and
Monastirskaya volosts were established in the Shegarsky Ob area. At the end of 1924, the Bogorodskaya
and Babarykinsky volosts merged into the Bogorodsky district. In 1930 the resulting district was
attached to the Kozhevnikovsky district. The Shegarsky district was established with its center in
Bogorodskoye, which was soon renamed as Shegarskoye, on January 20, 1936. After 2 years, due to the
constant Ob river spring floods, the district center was moved to Melnikovo. From 1962 to 1965 the
Kozhevnikovsky district was part of the Shegarsky district. From January 1936 until September 1937, the
Shegarsky district was a part of the West Siberian Territory and until August 1944 it was a part of the
Novosibirsk Region. The Tomsk Region was formed on August 13, 1944 by the Decree of the Presidium
of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, which included the Shegarsky district, separated from the
According to the land demarcation for agriculture, the Shegarsky district is included in the forest-steppe
zone of the North Trans-Altai forest-steppe province. According to the land demarcation for the nature
and economy of the Tomsk region the district belongs to the fourth subzone of gray forest soils in
combination with the ashed and leached chernozem. In terms of the scheme of the provincial division of
Western Siberia, the territory of the district is included in the Barabinsk province and Shegarsky-Obsky
swampy birch geobotanical area. According to the agro-climatic zoning of the region, the territory of the
1.1. Геологическое строение территорий