Мониторинг явлений оседания земной поверхности в районах добычи полезных ископаемых

Land subsidence monitoring is relevant in order to control the interaction of mining facilities and the environment. In recent years, remote sensing data have become important in spatial data analysis. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing data have the following uses: creating, data acquisition, integration, processing, visualisation, analysis and modelling information about the Earth’s surface and its phenomena. The uses of GIS and remote sensing combine information at a specific space and time. This helps to analyse any scientific problems understanding the surroundings and coming up with theories that help in planning and decision-making. These tools are practically applied to create maps, predict feature environmental hazards, verifying the location of research areas, monitor environmental activities and infrastructure.
Land Subsidence is one of the common environmental problems that have led many scientists to research and study more about it. Land subsidence is the gradual settling or sudden sinking of the earth’s surface owing to subsurface movement of the earth materials; it is a global problem (Galloway, 1999). Exploitation of natural resources on the earth will cause harm to the environment and result in changes such as land subsidence, soil erosion and land degradation. Scientists used to believe that subsidence of the earth’s surface is a natural phenomenon that resulted from natural geographical changes, but now it has been proved that human activities also cause land subsidence on the environment. The most significant effects on the earth’s surface include mining activities, deforestation and increased demand of resources.
This work helps to develop theoretical and methodological knowledge for monitoring land subsidence through the application of an advanced synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) interferometry technique, identifying the patterns and changes of land surface characteristics due to land subsidence. After analysing the data, the results will show if the study area has land subsidence and characteristics of the study area Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) Kemerovo region, over a specific period. What forces the environment to experience change is a result of practical problems experienced when mining for example inappropriate mining methods, infrastructure difficulties and lack of proper implementation of safe mining regulations.
Determining large areas with land deformation is one of the best uses of InSAR data. The use of traditional methods to monitor land subsidence of the land surface especially on large areas
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such as Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) Kemerovo region is very expensive. Therefore, InSAR technique is efficient and less expensive since it does not require much more time to collect data as compared to using the GPS tool, surveys, tape extensometers etc. The InSAR techniques can also detect deformations of landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, glacier dynamics and land subsidence.
There are different factors that make the InSAR technique a useful tool for deformation monitoring (M. Crosetto, 2004).
 The technique is responsive to small land subsidence, up to a few millimetres in the best measurement conditions.
 DInSAR provides data for large areas such as 100 by 100 km using ESA satellites, with a relatively high spatial sampling density (without compression, the pixels of the ERS images have a 20 by 4 m pixel footprint).
 SAR images acquired from ESA satellites have an advantage as compared to traditional methods, of providing data images of long-term data series for example providing images that covers many decades from 1991.Thus scientist are able to study land subsidence that has occurred 15 or 10 years ago.
 Analysing data obtained from InSAR technique includes visualisation, the maps produced using the technique have high quality and displacement of the study area can be observed or measured.
However, this research is achieved through implementing advanced InSAR processing and analysis procedures. Besides its advantages, this technique involves images processing which might take more time depending on how good the processor of your computer is. The software is designed to work with plugin updates, which needs downloading new versions of modules and updating. InSAR technique involves conducting calculations and modelling using the appropriate formula to estimate displacements with high quality standards.