Определение выраженности и клинической структуры когнитивных нарушений у пациентов с хроническим болевым синдромом различной локализации, а также факт

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введе-ние…………………………………………………………………………..4
Глава 1. Обзор литерату-ры……………………………………………………12
1.1 Эпидемиология и бремя хронической бо-ли………………………………..12
1.2 Хроническая боль и когнитивные наруше-ния………………………………13
1.3 Влияние эмоциональных и когнитивных факторов на выраженность и хронизацию боли ………………………………………………………..….16
1.4 Влияние боли на когнитивные функ-ции……………………………………23
1.5 Особенности когнитивных нарушений при различных болевых син-дромых…………………………………………………………………… 25
1.6 Хроническая боль и болезнь Альцгейме-ра…………………………………31
1.7 Механизмы коморбидности хронической боли и когнитивных наруше-ний……………………………………………………………………33
1.8 Заключение…….……………………………………………………..………42
Глава 2. Материалы и методы………………………………………………..44
2.1 Материал исследова-ния……………………………………………………..44
2.2 Методы исследова-ния……………………………………………………….46
2.3 Статистическая обработка материа-ла………………………………………52
2.4 Дизайн исследова-ния…………………………………………………………53
Глава 3. Результаты исследова-ния…………………………………………..54
3.I Клинико-демографические характеристики пациентов с болями в спине и особенности центральной сенситиза-ции……………………………………….54
3.1.1 Демографические и клинические характеристики пациен-тов………….54
3.1.2 Причины неспецифической боли в спине и их представленность в группе с ХБС и ОБС………………………………………………………………………56
3.1.3 Результаты анкетирования пациентов с болью в спине…………………59
3.1.4 ЦС у пациентов с болью в спине………………………………………….60
3.1.5 Альгомет-рия………………………………………………………………..63
3.2 Выраженность и клиническая структура КН при ХБС и факторы, вли-яющие на них…….………………………………………………………..…65
3.2.1 Выраженность и клиническая структура КН при ХБС………………….65
3.2.2 Анализ факторов, влияющих на КН при ХБС……………………………68
3.2.3 Сравнение клинико-демографических показателей и результатов ко-гнитивного тестирования у пациентов с ХБС и ХМ…………………………………………………………………………….…..73
3.2.4 Сравнение результатов когнитивных тестов у пациентов с ХБС и ХМ..75
3.2.5 Анализ факторов, влияющих на выраженность КН при ХМ и сравне-ние с ХБС……………………………………………………………………………..78
3.2.6 Корреляционный анализ факторов, влияющих на выраженность КН у пациентов с ХБС и ХМ………………………………………………………….82
Глава 4. Обсуждение полученных результа-тов……………………………..86
Выво-ды………………………………………………………………….………102
Практические рекоменда-ции…………………………………………………..103
Список условных сокраще-ний…………………………………………………104
Список литерату-ры………………………………………………………………106

Список литературы

1. Алексеев В.В. Хронические головные боли. Клиника, диагностика, па-тогенез. Автореф. Дисс. доктора мед. наук. – М., 2006 г., – 41 с.
2. Бахтадзе М., Чурюканов М., Кукушкин М., Опросник для оценки цен-тральнои? сенситизации: лингвистическая адаптация русскоязычнои? версии. // России?скии? журнал боли 2020, т. 18, No 4
3. Дамулин И. В. Легкие Когнитивные нарушения. // метод. пособие для врачей. Москва: РКИ Соверо пресс, 2004. с. 28-34.
4. Латышева Н. В. Коморбидные заболевания у пациентов с хрониче-ской мигренью. Автореферат дисс. доктора. мед. наук. – М., 2020 г.
5. Латышева Н.В., Филатова Е.Г. Новый механизм хронизации головной боли. Патогенетическая гипотеза и значение для терапии // Лечащий врач. – 2008. – №5 – С. 82-84.
6. Латышева Е. Г., Филатова Е. Г., Осипова Д. В. Депрессия – не един-ственная причина когнитивных нарушений у пациентов с хрониче-ской. // Нервно-мышечные болезни. 2018–№4 (8): С. 35–42.
7. Латышева Н. В., Филатова Е. Г., Осипова Д. В. Когнитивные наруше-ния у пациентов с хронической мигренью. // Российский журнал боли. 2018–№2 (56): С. 49–50.
8. Осипова Д. В., Латышева Н. В., Филатова Е. Г. Нарушение памяти и внимания у пациентов с хронической мигренью: недооцененные симп-томы. // Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. 2019–№2 (119): С. 39–43.
9. Латышева Н. В., Филатова Е. Г., Осипова Д. В. Хроническая боль, де-прессия и когнитивные нарушения: тесные взаимосвязи. // Нервно-мышечные болезни. 2018–№3 (8): С. 34–42.
10. Мелкумова К. А. Когнитивные нарушения у пациентов с хрониче-ским болевым синдромом. Автороферат дисс. канд. мед. наук. – М., 2009 г.
11. Мелкумова К.А., Подчуфарова Е.В., Яхно Н.Н. Особенности когни-тивных функций у пациентов с хронической болью в спине. // Журн неврол и психиатр им. С.С. Корсакова. – 2009. – Т. 109. – № 11. – С. 20-24.
12. Павленко С.С., Тов Н.Л. Исследование распространенности основ-ных видов хронических болевых синдромов среди населения Новоси-бирска.// Боль. – 2003. – №1. – С. 13 – 16.
13. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders revised: Diagnostic and coding manual. American Acade-my of Sleep Medicine, Chicago, 2001.
14. Andrade-Moraes CH, Oliveira-Pinto AV, Castro-Fonseca E, da Silva CG, Guimaraes DM, Szczupak D, Parente-Bruno DR, Carvalho LR, Polichiso L, Gomes BV, et al. Cell number changes in Alzheimer’s disease relate to dementia, not to plaques and tangles. Brain. 2013;136:3738–52.
15. Angela M. Sanford, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402
16. Apkarian A., Sosa Y., Krauss B. et al. Chronic pain patients are im-paired on an emotional decision-making task. Pain 2004;108(1-2):129-36.
17. Apkarian A.V., Sosa Y., Sonty S. et al. Chronic back pain is assotiated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density.// The Journal of Neuroscience. – 2004 (c). – Vol. – 24. – P.10410-10415.
18. Artero S, Ancelin ML, Portet F, et al. Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia are gender specific. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2008;79(9):979–84.
19. Bai Y., Chiou W., Su T. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine as-sociated with somatic and pain symptoms in depression. J Affect Disord 2014;155:28–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.019. PMID: 24176538.
20. , Robinson R. et al. Depression and Pain Comorbidity. // Arch Intern Med/vol 163, Nov. 10, 2003. 2433
21. Baker K., Gibson S., GeorgiouKaristianis N. et al. Everyday executive functioning in chronic pain: specific deficits in working memory and emo-tion control, predicted by mood, medications, and pain interference. Clin J Pain 2016;32(8):673-80.
22. Baliki M., Petre B., Torbey S. et al. Corticostriatal functional connectivity predicts transition to chronic back pain. Nat Neurosci 2012;15(8):1117–9. DOI: 10.1038/nn.3153. PMID: 22751038.
23. Barnard DF, Gabella KM, Kulp AC, Parker AD, Dugan PB, Johnson JD. Sex differences in the regulation of brain IL-1beta in re-sponse to chronic stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;103:203–11.
24. Baune B, Brignone M, Larsen K. A network meta-analysis comparing effects of various antidepressant classes on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) as a measure of cognitive dysfunction in patients with ma-jor depressive disorder. // Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. – 2018. – Vol. 21(2). – P. 97-107.
25. Bell T., Trost Z., Buelow M. et al. Meta-analysis of cognitive perfor-mance in fibromyalgia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018;40(7):698-714.
26. Benedetti F, Lanotte M, Lopiano L, Colloca L: When words are painful: unraveling the mechanisms of the nocebo effect. Neuroscience 2007; 147: 260–271.
27. Benedetti F: Mechanisms of placebo and placeborelated effects across diseases and treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 48: 33–60.
28. Bechara A., Damasio A.R., Damasio H., Anderson S.W. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex.// Cognition. – 1994. – Vol. 50. – P.7-15.
29. Bell-McGinty S, Butters MA, Meltzer CC, Greer PJ, Reynolds III CF, Becker JT (2002) Brain morphometric abnormalities in geriatric depres-sion: long-term neurobiological effects of illness duration. Am J Psychia-try 159:1424 –1427.
30. Bertolucci P., de Oliveira F. Cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013;17(7):344.
31. Blumenfeld A, Varon S, Wilcox T, et al. Disability, HRQoL and re-source use among chronic and episodic migraineurs: Results from the In-ternational Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS). // Cephalalgia. – 2010. – Vol. 31(3). – P. 301–315.
32. Boisgueheneuc Fd, Levy R, Volle E, Seassau M, Duffau H, Kinkingne-hun S, Samson Y, Zhang S, Dubois B: Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: A lesion study. Brain 129:3315-3328, 2006
33. Bonetti F, Brombo G, Magon S, et al. Cognitive status according to homocysteine and B-group vitamins in elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63(6):1158–63.
34. Bottiroli S, Allena M, Sances G, et al. Psychological, clinical, and ther-apeutic predictors of the outcome of detoxification in a large clinical pop-ulation of medication-overuse headache: A six-month follow-up of the COMOESTAS Project. // Cephalalgia. – 2019. – Vol. 39(1). – P. 135-147
35. Breivik H., Collett B., Ventafridda V. et al. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 2006;10(4):287–333. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009. PMID: 16095934.
36. Breslau N, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, et al. Comorbidity of migraine and depres¬sion: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis // Neurology. – 2003. – Vol. 60 – P. 1308-1312.
37. Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M: Pain-relatedeffects of trait anger expression: neural substratesand the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33: 475–491.
38. Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Ward P, Johnson B: Anger and pain sensitivity in chronic low back pain patients and pain-free controls: the role of endogenous opioids. Pain 2002; 99: 223–233.
39. Bruehl S, Chung OY, Donahue BS, Burns JW: Anger regulation style, postoperative pain, and relationship to the A118G mu opioid receptor gene polymorphism: a preliminary study. J Behav Med 2006; 29: 161–169.
40. Buhle JT, Stevens BL, Friedman JJ, Wager TD. Distraction and place-bo: two separate routes to pain control. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:246–253.
41. Buse D, Silberstein S, Manack A, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities of ep-isodic and chronic migraine. // J Neurol. – 2013. – Vol. 260(8). – P. 1960-1969.
42. Buse DC, Greisman JD, Baigi K, Lipton RB. Migraine progression: a systematic review. // Headache. – 2019. – Vol. 59(3). – P. 306-338.
43. Cao Song et al. The link between chronic pain and Alzheimer’s disease. // Journal of Neuroinflammation (2019) 16:204
44. Caroll LJ, Holm LW, Ferrari R, Ozegovic D, Cassidy DJ: Recovery in whiplash-associated disorders: do you get what you expect? J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 1063–1070.
45. Campbell N, Boustani M, Limbil T, et al. The cognitive impact of anti-cholinergics: a clinical review. Clin Interv Aging 2009;4:225–33.
46. Carvalho A, Miskowiak K, Hyphantis T, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in depression – pathophysiology and novel targets. // CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. – 2014. – Vol. 3(10). – P. 1819-1835.
47. Chen F-Y, Tao W, Li Y-J: Advances in brain imaging of neuropathic pain. Chin Med J (Engl) 121:653-657, 2008
48. Colloca L, Sigaudo M, Benedetti F: The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects. Pain 2008; 136: 211–218.
49. Cormier S, Piche M, Rainville P: Expectations modulate heterotopic noxious counter-timulation analgesia. J Pain 2013; 14: 114–125.
50. Connelly M, Keefe FJ, Affleck G, Lunley MA, Anderson T, Waters S: Effects of day-to-day affect regulation on the pain experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain 2007; 131: 162–170.
51. Cowen P., Sherwood A. The role of serotonin in cognitive function: evidence from recent studies and implications for understanding depression. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27(7):575–83. DOI: 10.1177/0269881113482531. PMID: 23535352.
52. Cruz-Oliver DM, Malmstrom TK, Roegner M, et al. Cognitive deficit reversal as shown by changes in the veterans affairs Saint Louis Universi-ty mental status (SLUMS) examination scores 7.5 years later. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15(9): 687.e5-10.
53. Daulatzai MA. Evidence of neurodegeneration in obstructive sleep ap-nea: relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive dysfunc-tion in the elderly. J Neurosci Res 2015;93(12):1778–94.
54. Den Boer JJ, Oostendorp RA, Beems T, Munneke M, Evers AW: Con-tinued disability and pain after lumbar disc surgery: the role of cognitive-behavioral factors. Pain 2006; 123: 45–52.
55. 184Dick B, Eccleston C, Crombez G. Attentional functioning in fi-bromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain patients. // Ar-thritis Rheum. – 2002. – Vol. 47. – P. 639–644.
56. Dolansky MA, Hawkins MA, Schaefer JT, et al. Association between poorer cognitive function and reduced objectively monitored medication adherence in patients with heart failure. // Circ Heart Fail. – 2016. – Vol. 9(12). – P. e002475.
57. Dufton, B.D., 1989. Cognitive failure and chronic pain. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 19, 291–297.
58. Ebert D., Ebmeier K. The role of the cingulate gyrus in de-pression: from functional anatomy to neurochemistry. Biol Psychiatry 1996;39(12):1044–50. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00320-7. PMID: 8780840.
59. Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., 1999. Pain demands attention: a cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. Psychol. Bull. 125, 356–366.
60. Edwards R, Dwokin R et al. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain disorders. J Pain. 2016 September ; 17(9 Suppl): T70–T92. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001.
61. Ellrich J, Hopf HC. The R3 component of the blink reflex: normative data and application in spinal lesions. // Electroencephogr Clin Neuro-physiol. – 1996. – Vol. 101. – P. 349–354.
62. Ezzati A, Wang C, Katz MJ, Derby CA, Zammit AR, Zimmerman ME, Pavlovic JM, Sliwinski MJ, Lipton RB. The temporal relationship be-tween pain intensity and pain interference and incident dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2019;16(2):109–115.
63. Fallon N., Chiu Y., Nurmikko T., Stancak A. Functional con-nectivity with the default mode network is altered in fibromyalgia pa-tients. PLoS One 2016;11(7):e0159198. DOI: 10.1371/ jour-nal.pone.0159198. PMID: 27442504.
64. Ferreira NR, Junqueira YN, Correa NB, et al. The efficacy of transcra-nial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic orofacial pain: A systematic review. // PLOS ONE. – 2019. – Vol. 14(8). – e0221110.
65. Finan PH, Garland EL: The role of positive affect in pain and its treat-ment. Clin J Pain 2015; 31: 177–187.
66. Fischer AA. Application of pressure algometry in manual medicine // J Man Med. – 1990. – Vol. 5 – P. 145-150.
67. Ford GK, Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP: Investigating the effects of distracting stimuli on nociceptive behaviour and associated alterations in brain monoamines in rats. Eur J Pain 2008; 12: 970–979.
68. Ford GK, Moriarty O, Okine BN, Tully E, Mulcahy A, Harhen B, Finn DP: Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in attentional modulation of nociceptive behaviour in rats. Eur J Pain 2014, DOI:10.1002/ejp.646.
69. Forhan M, Backman C. Exploring occupational balance in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Occupation, Participation and Health 2010; 30
70. Fredman L, Hawkes WG, Black S, Bertrand RM, Magaziner J: Elderly patients with hip fracture with positive affect have better functional re-covery over 2 years. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 1074–1081.
71. Gard T, Holzel BK, Sack AT, et al. Pain attenuation through mindful-ness is associated with decreased cognitive control and increased sensory processing in the brain. Cereb Cortex 2012; 22:2692–2702.
72. Gauer RL, Semidey MJ. Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibu-lar disorders. // Am Fam Physician. – 2015. – Vol. 91(6). – P. 378-386.
73. Geffen G, Moar KJ, O’hanlon AP, et al. Performance measures of 16– to 86-year-old males and females on the auditory verbal learning test. // Clinical Neuropsychologist. – 1990. – Vol. 4(1). – P. 45–63.
74. 28George SZ, Dannecker EA, Robinson ME: Fear of pain, not pain catastrophizing, predicts acute pain intensity, but neither factor predicts tolerance or blood pressure reactivity: an experimental investigation in pain-free individuals. Eur J Pain 2006; 10: 457–465.
75. George SZ, Dover GC, Wallace MR, Sack BK, Herbstman DM, Aydog EM, Fillingim RB: Biopsychosocial influence on exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness at the shoulder: pain catastrophizing and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) diplotype predict pain ratings. Clin J Pain 2008; 24: 793–801.
76. German DC, Manaye KF, White CL 3rd, Woodward DJ, McIntire DD, Smith WK, Kalaria RN, Mann DM. Disease-specific patterns of locus co-eruleus cell loss. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:667–76.
77. Geschwind N, Meulders M, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JWS, Meulders A: Can experimentally induced positive affect attenuate generalization of fear of movement related pain? J Pain 2015; 16: 258–269.
78. Glass, J.M., 2009. Review of cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia: a convergence on working memory and attentional control impairments. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 35, 299–311.
79. Goodin BR, Bulls HW: Optimism and the experience of pain: benefits of seeing the glass as half full. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013; 17: 329–337.
80. Goodin BR, McGuire L, Allshouse M, Stapleton L, Haythornthwaite JA, Burns N, Mayes LA, Edwards RE: Associations between catastro-phizing and endogenous pain-inhibitory processes: sex differences. J Pain 2009; 10: 180–190.
81. Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ: Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 2004; 127: 835–843.
82. Giffin NJ, Ruggiero L, Lipton RB, et al. Premonitory symp-toms in migraine: an electronic diary study. // Neurology. – 2003. – Vol. 60(6). – P. 935-940.
83. Grilli M. Chronic pain and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: translational implications from preclinical studies. J Pain Res 2017;10:2281–6. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S146399. PMID: 29033604.
84. Gwilym S, Filippini N, Douaud G, et al. Thalamic atrophy associated with painful osteoarthritis of the hip is reversible after arthroplasty: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometric study. // Arthritis Rheum. – 2010. – Vol. 62(10). – P. 2930-2940.
85. Gyoneva S, Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:15291–302.
86. Hart RP, Martelli MF, Zasler ND. Chronic pain and neuropsychological functioning. // Neuropsychol Rev. – 2000. – Vol. 10. – P. 131–149.
87. Hoy D. et al. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. // Arthritis and rheumatism. Vol. 64, No. 6, June 2012, pp 2028-2037.)
88. Hamelin L, Lagarde J, Dorothee G, Leroy C, Labit M, Comley RA, de Souza LC, Corne H, Dauphinot L, Bertoux M, et al. Early and protective microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective study using 18F-DPA-714 PET imaging. Brain. 2016;139:1252–64.
89. Han JW, Kim TH, Lee SB, et al. Predictive validity and diagnostic sta-bility of mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Alzheimers Dement 2012;8(6):553–
90. Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Tuomainen S, et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study in elderly subjects. Acta Neurol Scand 2002;106:148–54.
91. Hanssen MM, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, MeevissenY, Vancleef LM: Op-timism lowers pain: evidence of the causal status and underlying mecha-nisms. Pain 2013; 154: 53–58.
92. Hart RP, Martelli MF, Zasler ND. Chronic pain and neuropsychological functioning. // Neuropsychol Rev. – 2000. – Vol. 10. – P. 131–149.
93. Hart R.P, Wade J.B., Martelli M.F. Cognitive impairment in patient with chronic pain: significance of stress// Current Pain and Headache re-ports. – 2003. – Vol. 7. – P. 116-226
94. Hay SI, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulkader RS, Abdulle AM, Abebo TA, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analy-sis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lan-cet. 2017;390(10100):1260–1344.
95. Hayashida K, Obata H. Strategies to treat chronic pain and strengthen impaired descending noradrenergic inhibitory system. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:822
96. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Soci-ety (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edi-tion // Cephalalgia. – 2018. – Vol. 38(1). – P. 1–211.
97. Heaton R.K., Chelune G.J., Talley J.L. Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) manual reviser and expanded. – Odessa, FL: Psychological As-sessment Resources. – 1993.
98. Herrero R, Garc?a-Palacios A, Castilla D, Molinari G, Botella C: Virtual reality for the induction of positiveemotions in the treatment of fibrom-yalgia: a pilot study over acceptability, satisfaction, and the effect of vir-tual reality on mood. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2014; 17: 379–384.
99. Herrmann C: International experience with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale A review of validation data and clinical results // J Psy-chosom Res. – 1997. – Vol. 42 – P. 17-41
100. Hirsh AT, George SZ, Bialosky JE, Robinson ME: Fear of pain, pain catastrophizing, and acute pain perception: relative prediction and timing of assessment. J Pain 2008; 9: 806–912.
101. Horn ME, Alappattu MJ, Gay CW, Bishop M: Fear of severe pain me-diates sex differences in pain sensitivity responses to thermal stimuli. Pain Res Treatment 2014; 2014: 897953.
102. Hoyer WJ, Stawski RS, Wasylyshyn C, et al. Adult age and digit sym-bol substitution performance: a meta-analysis. // Psychol Aging. – 2004. – Vol. 19(1). – P. 211-214.
103. Huang L., Juan Dong H., Wang X. et al. Duration and frequency ofmi-graines affect cognitive function: evidence from neuropsychological tests and event-related potentials. J Headache Pain 2017;18(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0758-6. PMID: 28477306.
104. Hutchison M, Comper P, Mainwaring L, Richards D. The Influence of Musculoskeletal Injury on Cognition: Implications for Concussion Re-search. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;39:2331-2337.
105. IASP Task Force in Taxonomy. Pain terms: a current list with defini-tions and notes on usage. In: Merksey H, Bogduk N, eds. Classification of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms, 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press, 1994: 206e213.
106. Ikram M, Innes K, Sambamoorthi U. Association of osteoarthritis and pain with Alzheimer’s diseases and related dementias among older adults in the United States. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(10):1470–80.
107. International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Tax-onomyClassification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syn-dromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain Suppl. 1986;3:S1-226.
108. Jamison, R.N., Schein, J.R., Vallow, S., Ascher, S., Vorsanger, G.J., Katz, N.P., 2003. Neuropsychological effects of long-term opioid use in chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 26, 913–921. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00310-5
109. Jeffery RC. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 2014; 42: 231-236.
110. Jensen KB, Kosek E, Wicksell R, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy in-creases pain-evoked activation of the prefrontal cortex in patients with fi-bromyalgia. Pain 2012; 153:1495–1503.
111. Jennings EM, Okine BN, Roche M, Finn DP: Stressinduced hyperalge-sia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121: 1–18.
112. Johnson LA, Hall JR, O’Bryant SE. A depressive endophenotype of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 2013;8:1–8.
113. Johnson MH: How does distraction work in the management of pain? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005; 9: 90–95.
114. Julian LJ, Yazdany J, Trupin L, Criswell LA, Yelin E, Katz PP. Validity of brief screening tools for cognitive impairment in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 2012; 64: 448-454.
115. Kane M.J., Engle R.W. Working-memory capacity and the control of attention. The contribution of goal neglect, response competition and task set to Stroop interference.// J. of Experimental Psychology. – 2003. – General, 132. – P. 47-70.
116. Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Hall CB, Zimmerman ME, Sanders AE, Verghese J, Dickson DW, Derby CA. Age-specific and sex-specific prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer dementia in blacks and whites: a report from the Einstein Aging Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012;26:335–43.
117. Keltner JR, Furst A, Fan C, Redfern R, Inglis B, Fields HL: Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional mag-netic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 4437–4443.
118. Klinger R, Colloca L, Bingel U, Flor H: Placebo analgesia: clinical appli-cations. Pain 2014; 155: 1055–1058.
119. Kohrt A. Brandon, Griffith L. James et al. Chronic pain and mental health: integration solutions for global problems. // Pain. 2018 September. 159(Suppl 1): S85 – S90.
120. Koyama T, McHaffie JG, Laurienti PJ, Coghill RC: The subjective expe-rience of pain: where expectations become reality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 12950–12955.
121. Lam R, Kennedy S, Mclntyre R, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder: effects on psychosocial functioning and implications for treatment. // Can J Psychiatry. – 2014. – Vol. 59(12). – P. 649-654.
122. Lame IE, Peters ML, Vlaeyen JWS, van Kleef M, Patijn J: Quality of life in chronic pain is more associated with beliefs about pain, than with pain intensity. Eur J Pain 2005; 9: 15–24.
123. Landro N., Fors E., Vapenstad L. et al. The extent of neurocognitive dysfunction in a multidisciplinary pain centre population. Is there a rela-tion between reported and tested neuropsychological functioning? Pain 2013;154(7):972-7.
124. Lawlor, P.G., 2002. The panorama of opioid-related cognitive dysfunc-tion in patients with cancer: a critical literature appraisal. Cancer 94, 1836–1853
125. Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW: The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med 2007; 30: 77–94.
126. Legrain V, Crombez G, Plaghki L, Mouraux A. Shielding cognition from nociception with working memory. Cortex 2013; 49:1922–1934.
127. Legrain V, Van Damme S, Eccleston C, Davis KD, Seminowicz DA, Crombez G: A neurocognitive model of attention to pain: behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Pain 2009; 144: 230–232.
128. Leknes S, Berna C, Lee MC, et al. The importance of context: when rel-ative relief renders pain pleasant. Pain 2013; 154:402–410.
129. Linton SJ, Buer N, Vlaeyen JWS, Hellsing AL: Are fear-avoidance be-liefs related to the inception of an episode of back pain? A prospective study. Psychol Health 1999; 14: 1051–1059.
130. Lutz A, McFarlin DR, Perlman DM, et al. Altered anterior insula activa-tion during anticipation and experience of painful stimuli in expert medi-tators. Neuroimage 2013; 64:538–546.
131. Madelon L. Peters Emotional and Cognitive Influences on Pain Experi-ence Finn DP, Leonard BE (eds): Pain in Psychiatric Disorders. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry. Basel, Karger, 2015, vol 30, pp 138–152 (DOI: 10.1159/000435938)
132. Malfliet A, Coppieters I, Van Wilgen P, Kregel J, De Pauw R, Dolphens M, Ickmans K. Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional fac-tors in chronic pain: a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2017;21:769–86.
133. Manchikanti L et al. Epidemiology of low back pain in adults. // Neuro-modulation: Technology at the neural interface. 2014; 17:3 – 10
134. Matthews KL, Chen CP, Esiri MM, Keene J, Minger SL, Francis PT. Noradrenergic changes, aggressive behavior, and cognition in patients with dementia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:407–16.
135. Mazza S et al. A comprehensive literature review of chronic pain and memory. // Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychia-try. 5 August 2017. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.006
136. May A: Chronic pain may change the structure of the brain. Pain 137:7-15, 2008
137. McCracken L.M., Iverson G.L. //Predicting complaints of impaired cog-nitive functioning in patients with chronic pain. – J Pain Symptoms Man-age – 2001. – Vol. 21(5). – P. 392-396.
138. Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivation and central control determi-nants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo D, editor. The skin senses. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1968. pp. 423–429.
139. Meulders A. et. al. Fear in the context of pain: Lessons learned from 100 years of fear conditioning research, Behavior Research and Therapy Vol-ume 131, August 2020, 103635
140. Meyer JS, Thornby J, Crawford K et al. Reversible cognitive decline accompanies migraine and cluster headaches. // Headache. – 2000.- Vol. 40. – P. 638–646.
141. Michaelidis A. et al. Depression, anxiety and acute pain: links and man-agement challenges. Postgraduate medicine. 2019 Sept.
142. Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki A. Rate of progression of mild cognitive im-pairment to dementia—meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort stud-ies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119(4):252–65.
143. Modrego PJ, Ferrandez J. Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1290–3.
144. Mo?nica Povedano, MD, Jordi Gasco?n, MD, Rafael Ga?lvez, MD, Ma-nuel Ruiz, PhD, and Javier Rejas, MD. Cognitive Function Impairment in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Under Standard Conditions of Care Jour-nal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol. 33 No. 1 January 2007
145. Moriaarty O., Finn David P.Cognition and pain. // Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2014, 8:130–136 DOI:10.1097/SPC.0000000000000054
146. Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP: The effect of pain on cognitive func-tion: a review of clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93: 385–404.
147. Moriatry O, Ruane N, O Gorman D, et al. Cognitive impairment in pa-tients with chronic neuropathic pain: an interaction of pain and age. // Front Behav Neurosci. – 2017. – Vol. 11. – P. 100.
148. Morogiello J. et al. , The effect of acute pain on executive function Journal of Clinical and Translational Research 2018; 4(2): 113-121
149. Naser P., Kuner R. Molecular, cellular and circuit basis of cho-linergic modulation of pain. Neurosci 2018;387:135–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience. 2017.08.049. PMID: 28890048.
150. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impair-ment. // J Am Geriatr Soc. – 2005. – Vol. 53(4). – P. 695–699.
151. Neblett R, Hartzell M, Mayer T, et al. Establishing clinically relevant se-verity levels for the central sensitization inventory. // Pain Practice. – 2017. – Vol. 17. – P. 166-175.
152. Nekovarova T., Yamamotova A., Vales K. et al. Common mechanisms of pain and depression: are antidepressants also analgesics? Frontiers in Behavioral Neurosci 2014;8:99. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00099. PMID: 24723864.
153. Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia: follow-up of the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study Cohort. JAMA Neurol 2016;73(4):456–63.
154. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. // Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jan; 60(1):39-47.
155. Ostrowsky K, Magnin M, Ryvlin P, Isnard J, Guenot M, Maugui_ere F: Representation of pain and somatic sensation in the human insula: A study of responses to direct electrical cortical stimulation. Cereb Cortex 12: 376-385, 2002
156. Paller C, Campbell C, Edwards R, Dobs A. Sex-Based Differences in Pain Perception and Treatment. Pain. 2009;10(2):289–99.
157. Park, D.C., Glass, J.M., Minear, M., Crofford, L.J., 2001. Cognitive function in fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Rheum. 44, 2125–2133.
158. Park G, Kim CW, Park SB, et al. Reliability and usefulness of the pressure pain threshold measurement in patients with myofascial pain. // Ann Rehabil Med. – 2011. – Vol. 35(3). P. 412–417.
159. Picavet HS, Vlaeyen JWS, Schouten JS: Pain catastrophizing and kine-siophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 1028–1034.
160. Peters ML, Vlaeyen JWS, Weber WE: The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic pain disability. Pain 2005; 113: 45–50.
161. Petersen C. Roland et al. Aging, Memory, and Mild Cognitive Impair-ment. // International Psychogeriatrics, Vol. 9, Suppl, 7, 1997, pp. 6569
162. Petersen RC. Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2011;364(23):2227Y2234. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0910237.
163. Ploghaus A, Narain C, Beckmann CF, Clare S, BantickS, Wise R, Mat-thews PM, Rawlins NP, Tracey I: Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is as-sociated with activity in a hippocampal network. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 9896–9903.
164. Ploner M, Lee MC, Wiech K, Bingel U, Tracey I: Prestimulus functional connectivity determines pain perception in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 355–360.
165. Powell R, Johnston M, Smith WC, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukow-ski Z, McKee L, Bruce J: Psychological risk factors for chronic post-surgical pain after inguinal hernia repair surgery: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain 2012; 16: 600–610.
166. Raja S, Carr D et al. The Revised IASP definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020 September 01; 161(9): 1976–1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939.
167. 143Rao S.M., Leo G.J., Bernardin L. et al. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. // Neurology. – 1991. – Vol.41. – p.685-691.
168. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Montesi F, et al. Mild cognitive impairment: epi-demiology and dementia risk in an elderly Italian population. J Am Geri-atr Soc 2008;56(1):51–8.
169. Riederer F, Marti M, Luechinger R, et al. Grey matter changes associat-ed with medication-overuse headache: correlations with disease related disability and anxiety. // World J Biol Psychiatry. – 2012. – Vol. 13(7). – P. 517-525.
170. Rhudy JL, Meagher MW: Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds. Pain 2000; 84: 65–75.
171. Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Geda YE, et al. Association of diabetes with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2014;10:18–26.
172. Peterson Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Mielke MM, et al. Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal. Neurology 2014;82(4):317–25.
173. Rodriguez-Andreu, J., Ibanez-Bosch, R., Portero-Vazquez, A., Masramon, X., Rejas, J., Galvez, R., 2009. Cognitive impairment in pa-tients with fibromyalgia syndrome as assessed by the mini-mental state examination. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 10, 162.
174. Rossi B, Risaliti R, Rossi A. The R3 component of the blink reflex in man: a reflex response induced by acti¬vation of high threshold cutaneous afferents // Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989. – Vol. 73 – P. 334–340.
175. Roy M, Piche M, Chen J, f, Peretz I, Rainville P: Cerebral and spinal modulation of pain by emotions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 20900–20905.
176. Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM, Crawford J, et al. Factors predicting rever-sion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: a population-based study. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e59649.
177. Salzman C., Fusi S. Emotion, cognition, and mental state rep-resentation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2010;33:173–202. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro. 051508.135256. PMID: 20331363.
178. Salter MW, Stevens B. Microglia emerge as central players in brain dis-ease. Nat Med. 2017;23:1018–27.
179. Salthouse T.A. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. // Psycholog.Rev. – 1996. – Vol.103. – N. 3. – P. 403-428.
180. Santangelo G., Russo A., Trojano L. et al. Cognitive dysfunctions and psychological symptoms in migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain 2016;17(1):76. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016- 0667-0. PMID: 27568039.
181. Schwartz D.P., Barth J.T., Dane J.R., Drenan S.E., DeGood D.E., Rowl-ingson J.C. Cognitive deficits in chronic pain patients with and without a history of head/neck injury: development of a bief screening battery.// Clin J Pain. – 1987. – N. 3. – P.94-101.
182. Sheehan KH, Sheehan DV. Assessing treatment effects in clinical trials with the discan metric of the Sheehan Disability Scale. // Int Clin Psycho-pharmacol. – 2008. – Vol. 23(2). – P. 70-83.
183. Senthil C, Gunasekaran N. Clinical profile of patients with chronic headache in a tertiary care hospital. // Int J Adv Med. – 2016. – Vol. 3(3). – P. 721-726.
184. Smallwood F. R et al. Structural Brain Anomalies and Chronic Pain: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Gray Matter Volume. // The Journal of Pain, Vol 14, No 7 (July), 2013: pp 663-675
185. Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale // Health Qual Life Outcomes. – 2003. – Vol. 1 – P. 29.
186. Sullivan MJ, Thorn B, Haythornthwaite J, Keefe F, Martin M, Bradley LA, Lefebvre JC: Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. Clin J Pain 2001; 17: 52–64.
187. Tamburin S, Maier A, Schiff S, Lauriola F. M, DiRosa E, Zanette G and Mapelli D. Cognition and emotional decision making in chronic low back pain: an ERPs study during Iowa gambling task. // Frontiers in Psycholo-gy. 25 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01350
188. Tesio V., Torta D., Colonna F. et al. Are fibromyalgia patients cogni-tively impaired? Objective and subjective neuropsychological evidence. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015;67(1):143-50.
189. Theunissen M, Peters ML, Bruce J, Gramke HF, Marcus MA: Preopera-tive anxiety and catastrophizing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association with chronic postsurgical pain. Clin J Pain 2012; 28: 819–841.
190. Tracey I, Ploghaus A, Gati JS, Clare S, Smith S, Menon RS, Matthews PM: Imaging attentional modulation of pain in the periaqueductal gray in humans. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 2748–2752. 71
191. Tu C-H, Niddam DM, Chao H-T, Chen L-F, Chen Y-S, WuYT, Yeh T-C, Lirng J-F, Hsieh J-C: Brain morphological changes associated with cy-clic menstrual pain. Pain 150:462-468, 2010
192. Uceyler N., Valenza R., Stock M. et al. Reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic widespread pain. Arthri-tis Rheum 2006;54(8):2656–64. DOI: 10.1002/art.22026. PMID: 16871547
193. Vachon-Presseau E., Tetreault P., Petre B. et al. Corticolimbic anatomi-cal characteristics predetermine risk for chronic pain. Brain 2016;139(Pt 7):1958–70. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww100. PMID: 27190016
194. Van Boxtel MP, Menheere PP, Bekers O, et al. Thyroid function, de-pressed mood, and cognitive performance in older individuals: the Maas-tricht Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004;29(7):891–8.
195. Van Kooten J, Binnekade TT, van der Wouden JC, Stek ML, Scherder EJ, Husebo BS, Smalbrugge M, Hertogh CM. A review of pain prevalence in Alzheimer’s, vascular, frontotemporal and lewy body dementias. De-ment Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016;41:220–32.
196. Van Kooten J, Smalbrugge M, van der Wouden JC, Stek ML, Hertogh C. Prevalence of pain in nursing home residents: the role of dementia stage and dementia subtypes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18:522–7.
197. Van Wijk AJ, Hoogstraten J: Anxiety and pain during dental injections. J Dent 2009; 37: 700–704.
198. Veldhuijzen, D.S., Kenemans, J.L., van Wijck, A.J.M., Olivier, B., Kalkman, C.J., Volkerts, E.R., 2006a. Processing capacity in chronic pain patients: a visual eventrelated potentials study. Pain 121, 60–68.
199. Videbech P, Ravnkilde B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. // Am J Psychiatry. – 2004. – Vol. 161(11). – P. 1957-1966.
200. Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ: Fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskel-etal pain: 12 years on. Pain 2012; 153: 1144–1147.
201. Wager TD, Rilling JK, Smith EE, Sokolik A, Casey KL, Davidson RJ, Kosslyn SM, Rose RM, Cohen JD: Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 2004; 303: 1162–1167.
202. Wallin K, Solomon A, K.reholta I, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of cognitive impairment two decades later: A population-based study. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 31: 669-676.
203. Weiner D.K., Ruby T.E., Morrow L. et al. The relationship between pain, neuropsychological performance, and physical function in communi-ty-dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain. // Pain Med. – 2006. – Vol.7. – N. 1. – P. 60-70.
204. Whitlock E, Diaz-Romires L et al. Associassion between persistent pain and memory decline and devemtia in a longitudinal cohort of elders. // JAMA Intern med 1 – 8, 2017
205. Wiech K, Ploner M, Tracey I. Neurocognitive aspects of pain percep-tion. Trends Cogn Sci.2008;12(8):306–13.
206. Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, et al. Association between hypogly-cemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes melli-tus. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(14):1300–6.
207. Yamamoto T, Shimada H. Cognitive dysfunctions after recovery from major depressive episodes. // Appl Neuropsychol Adult. – 2012. – Vol. 19(3). – P. 183-191.
208. Yunus MB. Editorial review: An update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology. // Current Rheumatology Reviews. – 2015. – Vol. 11(2). – P. 70–85.
209. Zale EL, Lange KL, Fields SA, Ditre JW: The relation between pain-related fear and disability: a metaanalysis. J Pain 2013; 14: 1019–1030.
210. Zarow C, Lyness SA, Mortimer JA, Chui HC. Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:337–41.
211. Zeidan F, Grant JA, Brown CA, et al. Mindfulness meditation-related pain relief: evidence for unique brain mechanisms in the regulation of pain. Neurosci Lett 2012; 520:165–173.
212. Zelman DC, Howland EW, Nichols SN, Cleeland CS: The effects of in-duced mood on laboratory pain. Pain 1991; 46: 105–111.
213. Salomons TV, Moayedi M, Erpelding N, Davis KD. A brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for pain reduces secondary hyperalgesia. // Pain. – 2014. – Vol. 155. – P. 1446-1452.