Потенциал внедрения блокчейна в IoT здравоохранения с точки зрения бизнеса и потребителей
Работа написана Александром Шестуном, студентом программы «Master in Management» ВШМ, научным руководителем которого является доцент кафедры информационных технологий в менеджменте Сергей Яблонский.
Глобальное развитие технологий может повысить эффективность и качество услуг во многих отраслях. Учитывая рост мирового населения, неэффективность здравоохранения, выявленную недавней пандемией COVID-19, и растущий потребительский спрос на прозрачные и качественные медицинские услуги, отрасль здравоохранения может значительно выиграть от внедрения технологий IoT и блокчейна. Цель статьи – обобщить потенциал внедрения блокчейна в IoT здравоохранения с точки зрения бизнеса и потребителей. Цель достигается в три этапа: 1) тематический анализ научных статей, посвященных IoT и блокчейну в здравоохранении, с целью выявления основных преимуществ и проблем исследуемых технологий; 2) контент-анализ общедоступной информации о компаниях, работающих в сфере IoT и блокчейна в здравоохранении; 3) SEM-анализ принятия потребителями IoT и блокчейна в здравоохранении для проверки 10 сформулированных гипотез. Результаты показывают существующее несоответствие между теоретическим потенциалом IoT с поддержкой блокчейна и текущей внедрения этих технологий. Кроме того, в исследовании представлены 4 утвержденные гипотезы о восприятии потребителями исследуемых технологий. Хотя на намерение использовать IoT с поддержкой блокчейна положительно влияют ожидаемая полезность IoT, повышенная коммуникация между клиниками и пациентами и самостоятельное желание пациентов разобраться в технологиях, а отрицательно на нем сказываются соображения конфиденциальности (privacy concerns). Анализ подтверждает тот факт, что блокчейн может стать механизмом, снижающим обеспокоенность публики по поводу низкого уровня конфиденциальности личных данных при использовании IoT.
Healthcare is one of the most favorable fields for implementing the Internet of Things and related technologies such as blockchain. Given the increasing global population, common lifestyles that lead to health-related problems such as diabetes or obesity, and the inefficiency of current healthcare services that recent COVID-19 pandemics showed, there is a broad space for healthcare field development (Tripathi et al., 2020). Furthermore, as healthcare unites a complex structure of multiple health domains, modern technologies can significantly enhance its public benefits, for instance, through the introduction of smart devices and analytics.
With the development of 5G network, Artificial Intelligence, and global data volumes, the Internet of Things or (IoT) will inevitably be the topic of huge interest in the nearest future. As a result, the market for the Internet of Things grows steadily. The number of wearables, mobile devices, and various other gadgets is expected to exceed the number of people on the planet (MarketWatch, 2020). In 2018 there were approximately 7,2 billion devices, and the historical statistic shows that this number was multiplying five times faster than the population. The market value of the Internet of Things was estimated at 194 billion US dollars. By 2025 it is expected to exceed 650 billion US dollars showing the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21 percent, starting from 2020 (Gartner). The positive growth can be explained by advanced data analytics, cost reductions of connected devices, and increased adoption of cloud platforms. IoT helps to connect various smart devices that can exchange information among each other. There are several examples of smart devices: smartphones, sensors, and wearables that collect information that is, in turn, analyzed and used to develop customer journey.
IoT helps not only customers and their product and service experience but business too. Global retailers can collect insights on the performance of their products, find new customers, and create modern solutions for customer engagement. IoT can change whole industries, including healthcare. Further integration of data analytics in various fields will enhance IoT utilization and, thus, uncover IoT week points. At the moment, IoT solutions have numerous disadvantages, such as issues connected with the safety of transfers, data circulation, and data sharing (Makhdom et al., 2019).
The distinctive characteristic of IoT is the personal nature of data that is collected by the devices. For instance, home smart devices can uncover enormous information about individuals’ habits, preferences, and sensitive personal information that can be used in a manipulative manner. The personal nature of information highlights the need for data transfers to be protected. In IoT devices that would collect information on personal health, data safety becomes even more sound.
Starting from 2017, the governments thought about solutions that would make IoT safer. Due to the set of cybersecurity violations in different countries, governments prepared IoT safety laws. One of the examples of the law is the “Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act” introduced to the US Senate. Even though this act lists a set of rules to be followed by IoT actors to enhance safety, the act does not solve the safety of IoT but rather poses barriers to its widespread use.
Nevertheless, several issues connected with the safety of data transfers and efficient data sharing can be potentially solved by implementing blockchain technology. The blockchain market is expected to grow from $3 billion in 2020 to $40 billion in 2026. Blockchain helps devices to exchange smart contracts in a secure distributed environment. To help adopt blockchain in IoT, a special organization, “Trusted IoT Alliance,” was launched. What is more, several cryptocurrencies were developed based on IoT. Even though the success of these currencies is limited, they are still worth mentioning. These currencies are, for instance: IoT Coin, IOTA, and IoT Chain. However, a limited number of blockchain solutions consider implementation in the healthcare sector as it is highly regulated. Nevertheless, the immutability, transparency, security, and accountability that blockchain can provide can potentially solve sensible healthcare data that limits the introduction of IoT in the healthcare industry. Moreover, blockchain can create trustless and powerful healthcare services – a smart healthcare ecosystem (SHE).
Even though there is a growing interest in the use of blockchain in the Internet of Things, the number of existing articles on the topic of “Blockchain in IoT” investigate and describe in detail either technical sides of potential blockchain implementation in IoT or theoretical benefits blockchain-enabled IoT. Meanwhile, limited articles mention the actual current effect of blockchain on the IoT industry. Moreover, while concentrating on the theoretical concepts and technical characteristics of both blockchain and IoT, existing research papers do not cover the business potential of blockchain implementation and its value to customers. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to cover the gap and add to the scientific field theoretical knowledge on the feasibility of blockchain-enabled IoT creation and a survey-based investigation of the consumers’ perceptions towards blockchain-enabled IoT devices in healthcare.
The research question is: What potential does blockchain technology have for its integration with IoT in the healthcare industry from a consumer and business perspective?
The word “potential” is defined from 2 distinct perspectives: 1) potential as the feasibility of current blockchain business solutions for its integration in IoT, and 2) potential as a level of technology acceptance from the customers.
The subsequent questions that will help to answer the main research question are:
• What challenges does IoT in healthcare face?
• What impact can blockchain adoption have on IoT and healthcare?
• What is the potential of blockchain implementation in healthcare IoT?
To answer the research question, the following tasks are to be completed:
• Understanding of technical characteristics of blockchain and IoT essential for the healthcare industry through the literature overview;
• Identification of the key blockchain characteristics valuable for IoT development;
• Exploration of the technology acceptance models;
• Examination of the current IoT and blockchain projects in healthcare;
• Creation of a set of hypotheses on the consumers’ perceptions relevant for blockchain-based IoT in healthcare;
• Collection of data from consumers, including blockchain consumers;
• Testing the set of hypotheses;
• Statistical analysis of the data by SEM and generalization of results;
• Provision of the summary on the current development of the field (blockchain-enabled IoT in healthcare);
• Formulation of recommendations aimed at enhancing the practical application of blockchain in healthcare IoT from a business and consumer perspective.
The paper aims to describe the existing potential of blockchain implementation to healthcare IoT devices from a business and consumer perspective.
The results will be of value for academicians who research the topics of “blockchain,” “IoT,” and “healthcare” as a theoretical foundation for further research. Moreover, the paper will summarize the real-life perceptions of the general audiences towards blockchain and IoT and present the recent state of blockchain solutions for IoT from a business feasibility perspective. Therefore, the results can be used by the actors in the healthcare field, clinics directors, and governmental representatives to enhance the positive perception of the discussed technologies to enable their implementation. In addition, the paper can be useful for business entities that would like to implement blockchain-enabled solutions for IoT in healthcare to understand the recent state of the business in the field.
The structure of the paper starts with the inand Literature overview, which discusses the blockchain and IoT characteristics essential for the healthcare industry and the potential for the development of the technology. Further, the methodology is described for both 1) identifying the potential of blockchain-enabled IoT for healthcare from a business perspective and 2) from a consumer perspective. Then, the data analysis part presents the result of the content analysis of current solutions in the market and summarizes the key statistical operations conducted with the data collected from consumers. Furthermore, the paper presents key results followed by their Discussion and provision of the summary of the potential of blockchain-enabled IoT for the healthcare industry. Finally, a conclusion with theoretical and practical contributions and further research directions is presented.
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