Драйверы результативности технологических компаний после IPO
Целью данного исследования является выявление наиболее влиятельных драйверов показателей измерения создания акционерной стоимости (показателей измерения результативности) для технологических компаний после IPO.
Анализ проводился на 67 компаниях, котирующихся как на NASDAQ, так и на NYSE, в период с 2013 по 2018 годы. Для этого исследования были выбраны следующие показатели измерения создания акционерной стоимости: добавленная рыночная стоимость (MVA), отношение рыночной стоимости к бухгалтерской стоимости (MTB), общая прибыль акционеров (TSR), скорректированная на рынок доходность (MAR) и доходность на использованный капитал, деленная на стоимость собственного капитала (ROEKE). Драйверами результативности, выбранными для этого исследования, являются прокси для Интеллектуального Капитала (Человеческий капитал, Отношенческий капитал, Организационный капитал), Добавленная экономическая стоимость (EVA), Рентабельность активов (ROA), Рентабельность использованного капитала (ROCE), Прибыль на акцию (EPS) , а также две контрольные переменные (размер компании и кредитное плечо). Было разработано десять моделей, которые подразделяются на два блока: пять моделей блока «A» с ROCE вместо ROA и пять моделей блока «B» с ROA вместо ROCE. Подход к выбору соответствующих моделей был сделан с помощью обратного пошагового множественного регрессионного анализа панельных данных.
Полученные данные указывают на то, что для технологических компаний в период после IPO драйверами результативности для ROEKE являются Человеческий капитал, Организационный капитал, EVA и ROA; для MVA два драйвера: ROCE и EPS; драйверами для MAR являются ROA и ROCE, а драйверами для TSR являются ROA и ROCE. MTB не оказался значительным показателем измерения результативности для технологических компаний в период после IPO. Для руководства, драйверы результативности, определенные для перечисленных технологических компаний, представляют четкое указание на переменные, на которых руководство может сосредоточиться в операционной деятельности, чтобы наиболее эффективно увеличить акционерную стоимость.
ABSTRACT 3
INTRODUCTION 5
Chapter 1. Literature review 7
1.1. Shareholder value creation measures and their drivers 7
1.2. Intangible assets 14
1.3. Intellectual Capital as a driver of performance 16
Chapter 2. Research methodology & design 20
2.1. Data description 20
2.2. Dependent variables 23
2.3. Independent variables 28
2.4. Selection of proxies for Intellectual Capital 33
2.4.1. Human Capital 33
2.4.2. Relational Capital 34
2.4.3. Organizational (Structural) Capital 35
2.6. Structure of the model 36
Chapter 3. Results 40
3.1. Block of “A” series models 43
3.2. Block of “B” series models 46
3.3. Discussion 50
3.4. Managerial implications and recommendations 53
3.5. Limitations and recommendations for further research 54
Conclusion 55
References 57
Appendix A 63
Appendix B 69
Appendix C 75
Any investor is interested in maximizing return on the investment made within the appropriate level of risk. Therefore, the purpose of every business is to maximize shareholder’s value (Jensen, 2000). Even without embarking on the conceptual waters of whether this is indeed the most prudent or ultimate goal of a firm, a question that continually arises is how shareholder value creation can be explained and accurately measured. Finding an answer to this question is increasingly difficult, as the corporate world is continuously witnessing the birth of new shareholder value creation measures (performance measures) and is, therefore, faced with an ever-increasing array of research findings on ways to express shareholder value creation (Hall, 2018).
Every industry has its own specific shareholder value creation measures that are used as yardsticks for top management to create value for shareholders. To create this value, the understanding of what drives this value should be clear for the senior management since there are so many indicators these days to choose from it is easy to get lost or choose those that do not bring the most value for the shareholders.
The technology sector is the largest single segment of the market, eclipsing all others (including the financial and the industrials sector). More than anything, technology companies are associated with innovation and invention. Considering that, this market segment is expected to grow significantly in the future, and a lot of shareholder value will be created. The technology companies made up nine of the twenty most innovative companies in the world, with the top Research & Development (R&D) spender (as measured by expenditure) being Amazon, followed by Alphabet Inc., and then Intel (PwC, 2017). Innovation often contributes to productivity, efficiency, generation of new insights, reduction of time spent, and growth of revenues and profit of other businesses. Thus, identifying relevant drivers of performance of tech companies would allow shareholders to make better decisions about their investments in tech companies, and this, in turn, will foster better performance and bring more benefits mentioned above to other businesses.
The following facts justify the relevance of the research questions in this master thesis:
1) There are contradicting studies on shareholder value creation measures and their drivers;
2) There was no research done to explain shareholder value creation measures for tech companies in the post-IPO period which incorporated both financial value drivers and proxied for Intellectual Capital (IC) value drivers;
3) The last study on the explanation of shareholder value creation and its drivers for public tech companies was done more than two years ago. Since the tech industry is characterized by a high level of growth and uncertainty, it is possible the value drivers which were relevant two years ago might not be appropriate now.
The research goal of this master thesis is to identify the most influential drivers of shareholder value for post-IPO technology companies.
To attain the research goal, I must answer the following research questions:
• What is/are the performance indicator(s) for public tech companies which reliably measure(s) the shareholder value creation?
• What is/are the most influential driver(s) of shareholder value creation measure(s) for tech companies in the post-IPO period?
• How do influential value drivers affect shareholder value creation measures for tech companies in the post-IPO period?
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