Пропускная способность контейнерных терминалов, задействованных в «Инициативе пояса и пути»: измерение текущей эффективности в целях ее повышения
Руководство КНР выдвинуло инициативу под названием “Пояс и Пути”, направленную на активизацию экономического сотрудничества с Россией и европейскими странами. В последние годы российско-китайская торговля растет высокими темпами. Большое значение в этом процессе имеет логистика морских перевозок. По этой причине измерение эффективности и потенциала морских перевозок представляет собой актуальную задачу. Объектом исследования выступают контейнерные терминалы, задействованные в российско-китайской торговле. Цель данного исследования – измерение пропускной способности контейнерных терминалов, определение лучших практик среди рассматриваемых контейнерных терминалов, а также выявление потенциала повышения их пропускной способности. В работе используется пространственная выборка, включающая данные по 58 контейнерным терминалам РФ и КНР. Данные были получены с помощью анкетного опроса и открытых источников. Проведенное исследование показало, что основными показателями, определяющими пропускную способность контейнерного терминала, выступают общая площадь для складирования контейнеров, число причальных (седельных) кранов и сводный индекс масштаба терминала, интегрирующий характеристики длины и глубины причальной стенки.
В результате использования методов анализа границ производственных возможностей (SFA и DEA) были получены оценки эффективности инфраструктуры выбранных терминалов с точки зрения обеспечения обработки существующего потока контейнеров. Полученные на основе SFA оценки эффективности имеют значения в диапазоне от 0,445 до 0,984. Последующее применение модели DEA позволило оценить потенциал повышения пропускной способности рассматриваемых контейнерных терминалов.
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Chapter 1. Overview of port performance studies
1.1. Definition of throughput handling performance of container terminals…………………….10
1.2. Review of previous performance studies of container terminals …………………………..13
1.2.1. Partial indicators methods ……………………………………………………………..13
1.2.2. Stochastic Frontier Analysis …………………………………………………………..15
1.2.3. Data Envelopment Analysis ……………………………………………………………18
1.3. Summary of chapter 1 ……………………………………………………………………..21
Chapter 2. Description of the research context and research objectives
2.1. Sino-Russian trade …………………………………………………………………………..23
2.1.1. The contemporary trade situation ……………………………………………………. 23
2.1.2. The opportunities and challenges to both countries …………………………………..25
2.1.3. The prospects of future ………………………………………………………………26
2.2. The Belt and Road Initiative …………………………………………………………………27
2.2.1. The content of this new policy …………………………………………………………….27
2.2.2. The influence of it to both countries ………………………………………………………28
2.2.3. The future of the initiative Belt and Road …………………………………………….29
2.3. The contemporary situation of container terminals …………………………………………30
2.3.1. The importance of container terminals ……………………………,…………………30 2.3.2. The development of container terminals ……………………………………………..32
2.4. Research objectives ………………………………………………….,,…………………………33 2.4.1. Research gap …………………………………………………………………………33 2.4.2. Research objectives and questions…………………………………,,………………..35
2.5. Summary of chapter 2 ……………………………………………………………………… 36
Chapter 3. The methodology of the study
3.1. The first stage………………………………………………………………………………..38 3.2. The second stage: Stochastic Frontier Analysis……………………………………………..39 3.3. The third stage: Data Envelopment Analysis……………………………………………….41 3.4. Summary of chapter 3 ……………………………………………………………………….46
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Chapter 4. The empirical study of container terminals
4.1. The first stage of the research…………………………………………………………….. 48 4.2. Variables definition and Data description………………………………………………….50 4.2.1. Variables definition…………………………………………………………………..50 4.2.2. Data description………………………………………………………………………52 4.3. Stochastic Frontier Analysis……………………………………………………………….53
4.3.1. Regression analysis……………………………………………………………………53 4.3.2. Principle components analysis………………………………………………………..56 4.3.3. Stochastic Frontier Analysis…………………………………………………………..58
4.4. Data Envelopment Analysis………………………………………………………………..60 4.5. Summary of chapter 4………………………………………………………………………63
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………65 Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………..67 Appendixes ……………………………………………………………………………………..70 Appendix 1: Questionnaire……………………………………………………………………….70 Appendix 2: The efficiency score estimated by DEA……………………………………………73 Appendix 3: List of figures……………………………………………………………………….75 Appendix 4: List of tables……………………………………………………………………….76
During the visit to Kazakhstan in 2013, Chinses president Xi Jinping has put forward an initiative named “The Belt and Road”, aimed at enhancing economic cooperation with Eurasia countries. (Xinghua, 2013). China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), is a clear manifestation of the rise of the Chinese economy and a wish to cooperate friendly with the neighbors. It is, at its heart, a massive world-wide infrastructure project, reaching back into the heart of Europe. China has initiated $US1 trillion in projects, including roads, railways, ports and maritime routes to facilitate the new and revived trade corridors. (Howard, K. W., & Wu, J. 2015). When complete, the plan will incorporate countries that combined account for 60 percent of the world’s population and one-third of its GDP.
Since the announcement of China’s “The Belt and Road” initiative, more than 70 countries have already joined in this special activity. It encompasses the construction of a giant transportation system, including railways and highways, sea and air communications, power lines, and pipelines. These projects have the potential to become an engine of economic development for many Russian cities (Mikhail Magid, 2018). So many economics are interested in how this new initiative is going to develop and why Russia needs to maintain its place along with it.
On May 8, 2015, The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation signed an agreement on the conjunction of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Russia and China are the two fastest-growing economies in the world. The fact is, there is a huge development happening in China and the relationship between Russia and China is very impressive, Sino-Russian trade has been increasing in recent years. What we have already known is that the BRICS emerging markets are fast developing in recent years, as two fastest-growing economies in the world, The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation has been building a strong international relationship, the Sino-Russian trade volume is reaching a level, which is higher than any other historical record (Panibratov, A. 2017). Statistically, in the first 11 months of 2019, bilateral trade between China and Russia reached the US $100.32 billion, up 3.1 percent year on year. It is expected that the trade volume between China and Russia will exceed 110 billion US dollars in the next decade.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) fully appreciates the importance of the “Belt and Road Initiative” for the global economy. Analysts believe that the scope of foreign investment from China alone in these infrastructure projects could reach $1 trillion over the next 10 years. So far, there are more than 70 countries included in the initiative, but this number could grow to 100 in the near future.
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The world is pursuing the goal of economical sustainable development, the economic globalization has become the contemporary mainstream. In such a kind of background, the cross- border business has become the best option to promote national economic development. Within this international business communication, we could not ignore the significant roles played by international logistics. Those railway and maritime transportation are making sure that the international markets can operate stably. And maritime transportation, as the first choice for trading, should be paid more attention from scientific researchers.
International logistics must keep up with the progress of the economy. Among those logistical infrastructures, maritime transportation is the favourite choice and occupied more than half of the total international trade volume. The seaport and terminals are the basic elements of building ties for international cooperation. Only the operation of those international seaports can be guaranteed, cross-border economic cooperation could be realized.
Since the growing demand for maritime traffic significantly intensifies the competition among seaports, especially for container terminals, the performance measurement of them is attracting more and more attention from researchers and business managers. Considering foreseeable prosperity in international trade and gradually fiercer competition among those international ports, the efficiency measurement and performance improvement of them have become an important task worth to be researched. To improve the competitiveness and performance, international seaports and terminals have to improve their cargo throughput handling capacity.
Based on the background of the special political proposal, the given research has described the contemporary trade situation of Sino-Russian as a representative part of the initiative “Belt and Road”, highlighted the performance of maritime logistics. As the most popular operation units in maritime transportation, the container terminals can be chosen as the representative research objects. As we know, many research works have been done to measure the performance of seaports and terminals. However, there still exist some research gaps. At first, most of the current studies have not considered the impact of the specific economic context of the Sino- Russian strategical relationship or considered the special context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Next, lots of research works concentrated only on the overall performance measurement, there is no study which measured the container throughput handling capacity. Last, the previous researches do not figure out what kind of factors that the terminal authorities truly need to care about. No research identified the attributes of throughput handling capacity and further explore the potential for improvement.
The previous research conclusions may not apply to current Sino-Russian conditions, and difficulty in the improvement of terminals’ performance within the “New Silk Road” exists. The
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research in this area is worth conducting. There are still needs in assessment of the current throughput performance of the container terminals related to the “Belt and Road Initiative” and the potential to improve the performance of the container terminals involved in implementation of the “Belt and Road Initiative”
The subject of the given research is the measurement of the container terminals’ throughput handling performance and research objects are Chinese and Russian container terminals involved in the “Belt and Road Initiative”. The core part of the given research is the investigation of Sino- Russian container terminals’ throughput handling capacity measurement, furthermore achieve the goal of the research, which is to evaluate the potential to improve the seaport container terminals’ throughput performance. The research objectives could be list as:
⚫ To identify the influencing factors of container terminals’ throughput performance.
⚫ To determine the best practices within the Chinese-Russian container terminals industry.
⚫ To measure the technical efficiency of container terminals from the chosen sample and
provide suggestions for performance improvement.
Finally, the research conclusion would be used to indicate the terminals’ current throughput
handling performance, obtained through the benchmarking approach, analysing the cross- sectional data from representation container terminals involved in Sino-Russian maritime trade. Through this study, the selected sample container terminals can find their status in the Sino- Russian trade because the measurement results might be referred to as performance monitoring. With the result of the study, the managers can also know which factors may affect their throughput handling capacity and thus pay more attention to them to get the promotion.
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