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Роль эпистемологических сообществ в режиме Конвенции о запрещении биологического и токсинного оружия
Диссертация пытается ответить на вопрос: какова роль эпистемные сообществ (сетей экспертов) в режиме Конвенции о запрещении биологического и токсичного оружия (КБТО). В первой главе описывается концепция эпистемных сообществ и прослеживается ее эволюция, чтобы прояснить методологию дальнейших исследований. Во второй главе анализируются форматы и институты режима КБТО, позволяющие эпистемным сообществам принимать участие в режиме.. В последней главе оценивается деятельность эпистемных сообществ и раскрываются функции, которые они выполняют в режиме КБТО.
В диссертации делается вывод о том, что в режиме КБТО существует два типа эпистемологических сообществ: национальные и транснациональные. В целом, они выполняют поддерживающую функцию в режиме
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
Chapter 1. Constructing Methodology for Analysis of Epistemic Communities……………………..11
1.1.1. Milestones on the way to studying epistemic community ………………………………………………………. 12
1.1.2. Governments and citizens ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
1.1.3. Power and knowledge ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
1.2. Characteristics of epistemic communities……………………………………………………………………………….. 23
1.2.1. Composition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
1.2.2. Classifications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25
1.2.3. Activities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
Chapter 2. BTWC regime shapes activities of epistemic communities ………………………………….31
2.1. Status of experts in the BTWC regime …………………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.1.1. National experts in delegations of states parties ……………………………………………………………………. 31
2.1.2. Transnational experts as observers ……………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.2. Formats of experts’ participation …………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
2.2.1. Review Conferences and Preparatory Committees………………………………………………………………… 34
2.2.2. Working groups………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
2.2.3. Intersessional Process ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
2.2.4. Cooperation with the Implementation Support Unit………………………………………………………………. 42
Chapter 3. Epistemic communities’ participation in the BTWC regime…………………………………46
3.1. General patterns and dynamics of epistemic communities’ activities …………………………………………. 46
3.1.1. On the changing number and composition of the epistemic communities ………………………………… 46
3.1.2. On the fluctuating participation of epistemic communities in the BTWC regime ……………………… 49
3.1.3. On the correlation between qualitative changes in the regime and the number of epistemic communities 52
3.1.4. On the core of continuous participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 52 3.2. Functions of the epistemic communities with in the BTWC regime …………………………………………… 54 3.2.1. Provide information necessary for a decision-maker to come to a solution ………………………………. 55 3.2.2. Maintain execution of a decision already made…………………………………………………………………….. 56
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3.2.3. Set national and international agendas, draw attention to issues, raise public awareness about an issue 57
3.2.4. Facilitate successful course of negotiations, formulate specific norms and rules, contribute to the final document of the talks………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
3.2.5. Provide expertise and assist in solving global emergencies ……………………………………………………. 59
3.2.6. Translate ideas, proposals, and expectations of a state to its partners, bridge states in cases when official diplomacy channels are not sufficient enough ……………………………………………………………………. 60
3.2.7. Promote international cooperation and contribute to science, academic publications, and discussions regulation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
3.3. Considering challenges and perspectives of epistemic communities in the BTWC………………………. 63 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….67 Lists of Sources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (hereinafter referred to as BTWC or the Convention) entered into force in 1975 and imposed a ban on the production, stockpiling, acquitting, and retaining biological weapons. The Convention was a remarkable achievement since it had prohibited an entire class of weapons of mass destruction.
States parties to the Convention are the principal decision-makers and the most important participants in the regime. A biological weapon is a complex subject that requires expertise in life sciences. Decision-makers may not have the expertise necessary. In that case, the decision-makers may request the assistance of knowledge-based communities of experts — or epistemic communities.
An epistemic community is “a network of professionals with recognized expertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within that domain or issue-area”. The concept in its current form was introduced in 1992 by Peter Haas, researcher, and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He studied epistemic communities to analyze experts’ contributions to decision-making and politics in general.
This dissertation applies the concept of epistemic communities to studying a specific WMD non- proliferation and disarmament regime. To be more precise, the dissertation is built around the research question: what is the role of epistemic communities for the BTWC regime? Therefore, the primary purpose of the dissertations is to provide an answer to that question.
The research is relevant due to the following reasons. First of all, studying epistemic communities offers an opportunity to look at the BTWC regime from another angle. Members of epistemic communities can be a part of the BTWC states parties’ delegations of civil society. Epistemic communities occupy an ambiguous position: they are neither a substitution to civil society nor national delegations. The study of epistemic communities in the BTWC allows reassessing opportunities and constraints of the BTWC.
Secondly, the BTWC regime nowadays faces several challenges, ranging from institutional weakness to speed of scientific and technological development. Scientific and technological progress in life sciences outpaces the current capabilities of the BTWC to respond to them. Solution to this problem demands high-level expertise in the subject. Therefore, studying the role of experts’ networks can help find answers to rapid scientific and technological progress.
Thirdly, although the concept of epistemic communities has existed for nearly thirty years, epistemic communities in arms control regimes have been studied rarely. It is especially evident in the BTWC related studies.
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