Информационное измерение сирийского конфликта в контексте американо-российского противостояния на Ближнем Востоке

Данная диссертация посвящена информационному освещению сирийского конфликта в СМИ России и США. Целью этого исследования является выявление медиа стратегий, используемых российскими и американскими СМИ при освещении основных аспектов сирийского конфликта. Был проведен контент анализ англоязычных статей по четырем основным аспектам войны, а также произведен сравнительный анализ полученных результатов, официальных позиций и стратегических интересов двух держав. Для каждой из сторон были выявлены основные используемые элементы информационной войны и медиа стратегии.

Primary sources

• Answers to questions from French journalists from TF1 TV channel.
Published time: 12.10.2016 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/- /president/news/ 53081 (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s opening remarks at talks with Saad Hariri, leader of the Lebanese political movement Al-Mustaqbal, Moscow, October 4, 2016
Published time: 04.10.2016 http://www.mid.ru/en/press_service/minister_speeches/-/asset_publisher/7OvQR5KJWVmR/content/id/2486894 (accessed on 18.04.2018)
• Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s remarks and answers to media questions at a joint news conference with Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the Syrian Arab Republic Walid Muallem and Foreign Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammed Javad Zarif , Moscow, October 28, 2016
Published time: 28.10.2016 http://www.mid.ru/en/press_service/minister_speeches/-/asset_publisher/7OvQR5KJWVmR/content/id/2508799 (accessed on 19.04.2018)
• Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s remarks and answers to questions at the Terra Scientia Youth Educational Forum on Klyazma River, Vladimir Region
Published time: 22.07.2016 http://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/meropriyatiya_s_uchastiem_ministra/asset_publisher/xK1BhB2bUjd3/content/id/2366754 (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Full-scale civil war involving external forces underway in Syria – Primakov
Published time: 08.08.2012 http://tass.com/middle-east-and-north-africa/680036 (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• High-level meeting of the Security Council on peace and security in the Middle East. Speech of Sergey Lavrov, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Published time: 26.09.2012 http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.6841 (accessed on 19.04.2018)
• Interview by the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov to the programme “Voskresnoye vremya” on the First Channel, 22 September 2013
Published time: 22.09.2013 http://www.mid.ru/en_GB/posledniye_dobavlneniye/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/95878 (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• Joint Press Availability with French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, EU High Representative Federica Mogherini, and Italian Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni
Published time: 13.03.2016 https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/03/254644.htm (accessed on 20.04.2018)
• Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club
Published time: 22.10.2015 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50548 (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• President Obama Addresses the Nation on Syria
Published time: 10.09.2013 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/10/remarks-president-address-nation-syria (accessed on 18.04.2018)
• Press Availability with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and UN Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura
Published time: 30.10.2015 https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/249019.htm (accessed on 20.04.2018)
• Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney
Published time: 25.03.2011 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/25/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-3252011 (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• Press Call by Ben Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communication; Christine Wormuth, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; and Brett Mcgurk, Deputy Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL on Counter-ISIL Campaign
Published time: 09.10.2015 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/09/press-call-counter-isil-campaign (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Putin V. Russia and the changing world;
Published time: 27.02.2012 https://www.rt.com/politics/official-word/putin-russia-changing-world-263/ (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel in Joint Press Conference
Published time: 20.03.2013 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/03/20/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-netanyahu-israel-joint-press- (accessed on 18.04.2018)
• Remarks by the President Obama on the Middle East and North Africa
Published time: 19.05.2011 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa (accessed on 20.04.2018)
• Remarks of John Kerry before the Daily Press Briefing
Published time: 12.09.2016 https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/09/261776.htm (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• Secretary Clinton’s Remarks. Remarks With Haitian President-elect Michel Martelly After Their Meeting
Published time: 20.04.2011 https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/04/161375.htm (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Speech and answers of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation S.V. Lavrov to the questions of mass media during the joint press conference at the outcomes of talks with S.N. Martynov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus, Minsk, 15 August 2012
Published time: 15.08.2012 http://www.mid.ru/en/vistupleniya_ministra/asset_publisher/MCZ7HquMdqBY/content/id/146918 (accessed on 18.04.2018)
• St Petersburg International Economic Forum plenary meeting
Published time: 02.06.2017 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54667 (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Statement by NSC Spokesperson Ned Price on U.S. Sanctions Designations for Syrian Regime Chemical Weapons Use
Published time: 12.01.2017 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/12/statement-nsc-spokesperson-ned-price-us-sanctions-designations-syrian-0 (accessed on 12.04.2018)
• Statement by President Trump on Syria
Published time: 13.04.2018 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-trump-syria/ (accessed on 18.04.2018)
• Statement by the President Obama on Syria
Published time: 04.02.2012 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/04/ statement-president-syria (accessed on 16.04.2018)
• US Department of State, Daily Press Briefing, June 16, 2015
Published time: 16.06.2015 https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/06/ 243890.htm (accessed on 20.04.2018)
• Vladimir Putin’s interview with Radio Europe 1 and TF1 TV channel
Published time: 04.06.2014 http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/45832 (accessed on 20.04.2018)

Literature
• Batasheva A. Lingvisticheskie sposoby interpretatsii mediasobytiia (na primere osveshcheniia conflicta v Syrii v izdaniyakh “Kommersant” I “Die Zeit”) [Linguo-stylistic Methods of Media Events Interpretation (at the example of the Syrian Conflict’s Coverage in “Kommersant” and “Die Zeit”)], Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University, No 5 (61), 2017. P.81.
• Bogart L., Bogart, A. Cool words, cold war: a new look at USIA’s Premises for propaganda. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1995.
• Bruk, B. V. International Propaganda: The Russian Version. Princeton: Institute of Modern Russia, 2013.
• Doucet, L. Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in Policy-Making? MA: Daedalus, Vol. 147 Issue 1, 2018. Pp. 141-157.
• Elliott, M., Kaufman S., Gardner R., Burgess G. Teaching conflict assessment and frame analysis through interactive webbased simulations. The International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2002. Pp. 320-321.
• Entman, R. 1993. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication 43/4. P.55.
• Feist S. Facing Down the Global Village: The Media Impact. In R. Kugler and E. Frost, eds., The Global Century. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2001. P. 713.
• Guth D. W. Black, White, and Shades of Gray: The Sixty-Year Debate Over Propaganda Versus Public Diplomacy. Journal of Promotion Management, Vol 14: pp. 309-25, 2009.
• Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., van Ruler, B., Verčic, D., & Sriramesh, K. Defining strategic communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 1(1), 3–35, 2007. P.27.
• Iyengar, S., Simon, A. News coverage of the gulf crisis and public opinion. In W. L. Bennett and D. I. Paletz (Eds.). The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War, Ch. 8, pp.167 – 185. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 173.
• Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Washington, D.C., Joint Publication 1–02, April 12, 2001.
• Jowett G.S., O’Donnell V. Propaganda and Persuasion. Los Angeles: Sage, 2012. P.7.
• Kennon H., Nakamura, Weed M.C. U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, D.C., December 18, 2009. P.3.
• Kudors, A., Pabriks, A. The War in Syria: Lessons for the West. The Centre for East European Policy Studies. Riga: University of Latvia Press, 2016.
• Lewicki, R, Saunders, D, Minton, J. Negotiation. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1999. P.134.
• Livingston S., Eachus T. Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN effect reconsidered. Political Communication 12(4): 413-429, 1995. P. 415.
• Macdonald, S. Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception Operations. Oxon: Routledge, 2007. P.112.
• Mermin J. Television News and American Intervention in Somalia: The Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 112, 1997. P. 385.
• Murphy, D.M., White, J.F. Propaganda: can a word decide a war? Parameters, 37 (3), 2007. Pp.15-27.
• Nacos, B. L. The Press, Presidents, and Crises. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. P.236.
• Neuman, J. Lights, Camera, War: is media technology driving international politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996. P.15.
• Newbold C., Boyed-Barrett O., Van Den Bulk H. The Media Book. London: Arnold, 2002. P.63.
• Nichiporuk, B. U.S: Military opportunities: Information-warfare concepts of operation. In Zalmay K., White J.O., and Marshall A.W., eds. Strategic Appraisal: The Changing Role on Information Warfare. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1999. P.188.
• O’Shaughnessy, N.J. Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction. Manchester: University Press, 2004. P. 65.
• Okorie, N. Oyedepo, T., Usaini, S. Internet, blogs and citizen journalism: promises and pitfalls to national development. Journal of Media and Aesthetics, Special issue, January 2012. P.160.
• Paul, C. Strategic Communication: Origins, Concepts, and Current Debates. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2011. Pp. 21, 44.
• Pocheptsov, G. Information warfare. URL: http://ligis.ru/librari_2/049/contents.html Date of access: 23.10.2017
• Robinson P. The Policy-Media Interaction Model: Measuring Media Power during Humanitarian Crisis. Journal of Peace Research, 37(5), pp.613-633., 2000. P. 627.
• Seib P. The Global Journalist: News and Conscience in a World of Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. P. 27.
• Spengler, O. The Decline of the West. Vol. I: Introduction, trans. And ed. C. F. Atkinson, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1926. P.35.
• Stuart A. Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. P. 134.
• Toffler, A. The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Books, 1981. P.135.
Online resources
• Archive of the U.S. Department of State https://2009-2017.state.gov/
• Archive of the White House https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/
• SimilarWeb website https://www.similarweb.com/
• Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation http://www.mid.ru/en/main_en
• Website of the Russian President Vladimir Putin http://en.kremlin.ru/
• Website of the U.S. Department of State https://www.state.gov/
• Website of the White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/#