Право на свободу распространения информации и ограничения функционирования социальных сетей
В работе рассмотрены основные характеристики социальных сетей, релевантные для понимания юридических особенностей регулирования их деятельности. Автор анализирует содержание права на свободу выражения мнения в международном праве в контексте деятельности социальных сетей. В заключении сформулированы ключевые выводы, касающиеся особенностей и пределов регулирования социальных сетей посредством международного права.
The proliferation of the Internet along with the rise of social networking has changed the modern contact scenario dramatically. While the pre-internet age was largely confined to one-way distribution of information, the present era is characterized by two-way or even multi-way user-friendly interaction, which is cheap, or even free, and fast. The changing role of the Internet in how people acquire knowledge, engage in interpersonal contact and communicate their thoughts, opinions or views, and express their identities, has been pointed out by many studies around the world. Social networking is a strong tool with approximately 3.499 billion active users as of 2019, with an average of 7.6 social media accounts for each user.
Governments often argue the need to regulate social media because of the abuses of the right to free speech. Part of the challenge with regulatory approaches to social media platforms like Facebook and VKontakte results from their dual role as public and private domains. These platforms have become an important part of contemporary public life, as they facilitate our social infrastructure and have been compared with public utilities. Yet, as private services they are governed by commercial priorities and shareholder interests rather than the public interest. These companies’ private control over a widely used public resource and their ability to turn all types of human activity into market data has helped to create the reaches companies on the global market. On the other hand the standard approach to freedom of dissemination of information as a political liberty is unhelpful given the importance of social networks for private and family life of many individuals.
The overall goal of the present research is to understand the effectiveness of the existing international human rights standards as applied to social media. Against this goal the research focuses on the legal implications of social media, the scope of the right to disseminate information and freedom of expression in the realities of social networks, international legal standards for restrictions on the operation of social media, the positive obligations of states with regard to freedom of expression on social networks. These are the main research questions addressed in the three chapters of the paper.
In the first chapter is a given a brief definition of Social Media platforms as a legal phenomenon. By presenting a series of features and legal issues that arise from them. The author has also provided a comparison of the legal framework or legal regulation initiatives aimed at regulating the functioning of social networks at national, international and regional level. In this way a clearer picture is given of the different approaches regarding the regulation of social networks. The second chapter presents a detailed analysis of legal issues related to social networks, from content moderation, change of approach to some basic concepts such as the right to privacy in social networks, and the conflict of fundamental rights in the report. The third chapter presents an analysis of the legal challenges for regulating social media by means of international law.
1. Normative legal acts and other official documents
1.1 International regulations and other official documents
• OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank La Rue, 17 April 2013,
• UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly on the Right to Freedom Opinion and Expression Exercised through the Internet, 10 August 2011, para 21, https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/66/290
• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance)
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
• HRC, CCPR General Comment No. 34: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf
• OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on the Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet, June 2012, para 1, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G12/147/10/PDF/G1214710.pdf
• The 2011 Report of the UN Special Rapporteur/op.cit./para 79// as cited in “Article19”/Freedom of expression and ICTs: Overview of International standards, 2013. P.13
• UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html
• OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on the Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet, June 2012, para 1, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G12/147/10/PDF/G1214710.pdf
• UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the Covenant : International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : 6th periodic report : Germany, 10 May 2011, CCPR/C/DEU/6. Para. 15-16 available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/50642cb82.html
• UN General Asambley, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression”/ 6 april 2018/
1.2 Normative legal acts and other official documents of the Russian Federation
1.2.1. Federal laws
• Федеральный закон от 30.12.2020 № 530-ФЗ “О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон “Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации”
1.3 Normative legal acts and official documents adopted in foreign countries
• Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken”. (German Law Archive, NETWORK ENFORCEMENT ACT (NETZDURCHSETZUNGGESETZ, NETZDG)/ Federal Law Gazette I, p. 3352 ff. Valid as from 1 October 2017. available at https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=1245 [accessed nov 2020]
2. Materials of judicial practice
2.1. Materials of international judicial practice
• Facebook Inc v Wallace. Case No: 5:2009cv00798. California Northern District Court. decided on 29 October 2009 (US). Available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/5:2009cv00798/211911/91/ [accessed nov 2020]
2.1.1. Acts of the European Court of Human Rights
• ECtHR Tamiz v. United kingdom, Application no. 3877/14
• Delfi vs Estonia, no. no. 64569/09. 16 Jun 2015. Available at: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-155105 [accessed may 2021
• BEIZARAS AND LEVICKAS v. LITHUANIA. no. 41288/15. 14 May 2020. Available at: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200344
3. Special literature
3.1. Books
• Human Rights in 21st century: Issues and emerging trends/ Dr.Monica Narang. Sep 2020.
• Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform/ Persily, N., & Tucker, J. (2020). (Eds.). p. 199 (SSRC Anxieties of Democracy). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108890960
• Debatin B. (2011) Ethics, Privacy, and Self-Restraint in Social Networking. In: Trepte S., Reinecke L. (eds), page 6, Privacy Online. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21521-6_5
• Ellison N.B., Vitak J., Steinfield C., Gray R., Lampe C. (2011) Negotiating Privacy Concerns and Social Capital Needs in a Social Media Environment. In: Trepte S., Reinecke L. (eds), page 6, Privacy Online. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21521-6_3
• C. Keith Boone, “Privacy and Community”, (1983) Social Theory and Practice, p 8, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23552198
3.2. Articles
• Elefant, C.. “THE “POWER” OF SOCIAL MEDIA: LEGAL ISSUES & BEST PRACTICES FOR UTILITIES ENGAGING SOCIAL MEDIA.”/ The Energy Law Journal vol. 32. No 1. (2011):
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media/ Business Horizons, vol.53 No. 1. 2010. P. 59–68
• Hogan, B., & Quan-Haase, A. Persistence and change in social media. Bulletin of Science/ Technology & Society. Vol. 30. No. 5. 2010. P. 309–315.
• Obar, J.A. and Wildman, S. Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue/ Telecommunications Polic. Vol. 39. No. 9. 2015. P. 745-750.
• Dr.Carlisle George & Dr.Jackie Scerri, “Web 2,0 and User-Generated Content: legal challenges in the new frontier”/ Journal of Information, Law and Technology. 2017(2), para.11 available at:
• Dr.Carlisle George & Dr.Jackie Scerri, “Web 2,0 and User-Generated Content: legal challenges in the new frontier”, Journal of Information, Law and Technology 2017(2),
• Brian Christopher Jones. Is Social Media a Human Right? Exploring the Scope of Internet Rights/ Int’l J. Const. L. Blog, Dec. 5, 2014. available at: http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/11/is-social-media-a-human-right-exploring-the-scope-of-internet-rights
• Paul M. Barret, NY STERN. , “Regulating Social Media: The fight over section 230 – and Beyond”/ Center for Business and Human Rights. Septmeber 2020, p. 1. Available at; https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b6df958f8370af3217d4178/t/5f4d682af956e403bdd2dcf5/1598908459863/NYU+Section+230_FINAL+ONLINE+UPDATED_Aug+26.pdf [accessed dec 2020]
• Russia: Social Media Pressured to Censor Posts. Human Rights Watch”, 5 Feb 2021, para 13,”. available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/05/russia-social-media-pressured-censor-posts#:~:text=On%20December%2030%2C%20a%20new,censor%20Russian%20state%20media%20content.&text=International%20law%20allows%20for%20certain,order%2C%20health%2C%20or%20morals.[accessed feb 2021]
• Ayush Verma, Siddharth Jasrotia. “Social media regulation in China”, “Social media regulation in China and USA- The bad v. the ugly”/ iPledears intelligent legal solution, 17 july 2020. Para 6. available at https://blog.ipleaders.in/social-media-regulation-china-usa-bad-ugly/ [accessed feb 2021]
• FORBIDDEN FEEDS Government Controls on Social Media in China . PEN America. 13 March 2018, Para 8, available at https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PENAmerica_Forbidden-Feeds-3.13-3.pdf [accessed feb 2021]
• Javier Pallero. “PROTECTING FREE EXPRESSION IN THE ERA OF ONLINE CONTENT MODERATION”/ Access now. may 2019. P. 2. Available at: https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2019/05/AccessNow-Preliminary-Recommendations-On-Content-Moderation-and-Facebooks-Planned-Oversight-Board.pdf [accessed feb 2021]
• Privacy, free expression and transparency, Redefining their new boundaries in the digital age,(2016) UNESCO series on internet freedom
• Privacy, free expression and transparency, Redefining their new boundaries in the digital age,(2016) UNESCO series on internet freedom, p.81, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246610
• Privacy, free expression and transparency, Redefining their new boundaries in the digital age,(2016) UNESCO series on internet freedom, p.80, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246610
• Daniel J. Solove, The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on the Internet,(2007), p. 135-136,
• Opinion 3/2018, page 7-8, EDPS Opinion on online manipulation and personal data
• Article19”/Freedom of expression and ICTs: Overview of International standards, 2013. P.13
• Commissioner for Human Rights. Strasbourg. 2012/ “Social Media and Human Rights”. p.7
• Article19”/Freedom of expression and ICTs: Overview of International standards, 2013. P.17
• Article19”/Freedom of expression and ICTs: Overview of International standards, 2013. P.13
• Brian Christopher Jones/ Is Social Media a Human Right? Exploring the Scope of Internet Rights, Int’l J. Const. L. Blog, Dec. 5, 2014/ available at: http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/11/is-social-media-a-human-right-exploring-the-scope-of-internet-rights
• Declaration of Principles, Building the Information Society: a global challenge in the new Millennium, WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, 12 December 2003/ as cited in “Article19”/Freedom of expression and ICTs: Overview of International standards, 2013.
• OHCHR and business and human rights. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/business/pages/businessindex.aspx [accessed may 2021]
• Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework”. P.3-4. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf [accessed may 2021]
• Jamila Venturini and others, Terms of Service and Human Rights: An Analysis of Online Platform Contracts (Rio de Janeiro, Revan, 2016
•
• 3.3. Dissertations and abstracts of dissertations
• MILTON THEMBA SKOSANA. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND IDENTITY ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE/ master thesis. LLM. Univeristy of South Africa. (2016)
4. Internet resources
• Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide. Statista. available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
• Stuff & Buz. ‘Fake Celebrity Pages On Myspace’/ My Digital Life (2006) available at: www.mydigitallife. info/2006/07/15/fake-celebrity-pages-on-myspace [accessed nov 2021]
• Social Media: How do other governments regulate it?”. 12 Feb 2020 Reality check team, BBC News. “ para 3. Available at: available at https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47135058 [accessed nov 2020]
• EU parliament, Multimedia Centre, 28.01.2021, para 1, “Digital Services and Digital Markets Act”, available at https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/pl/digital-services-and-digital-markets-act_17701_pk [accessed nov 2020]
• Social media and democracy: we need laws, not platform guidelines. 10.02.2021, News EU parliament. available at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20210204STO97129/social-media-and-democracy-we-need-laws-not-platform-guidelines [accessed dec 2020]
• News EU parliament, 10.02.2021. “Social media and democracy: we need laws, not platform guidelines”, available at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20210204STO97129/social-media-and-democracy-we-need-laws-not-platform-guidelines
• UK government press release, 15.Dec.2020, “UK leads the way in a ‘new age of accountability’ for social media”, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-leads-the-way-in-a-new-age-of-accountability-for-social-media
• Комиссия СФ предлагает блокировать соцсети за призывы к незаконным акциям”. ТАСС, 4 Feb 2021. available at https://tass.ru/politika/10621597 [accessed feb 2021]
• Terms of Service/ Facebook/ available at https://www.facebook.com/terms.php
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